Next chapter:
Polyphony
1. Multiphonics
2. With voice

  

1. Harmonics

Harmonics from c1:
     

If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen

Written as it sounds, or together with the fundamental note from which the harmonic is produced:



It is possible to play the same harmonic from different fundamental notes:

 
 

 

2. Alternative fingerings
Alternative fingerings will change tone-colour. You may also use a micro-tone fingering, and then play at correct pitch, so as to create a new tone-colour. Named "bisbigliando" or "Hollow tone".

Most often written with fingering, but occasionally without:

     

If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen

 

 

 

3. Tone-colour trills
Rapid change between the normal fingering and a fingering changing the tone-colour. These trills most often also change the pitch.

Written with fingering:

     

If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen


 

 

4. With voice
By singing the same tone as played, the tone-colour will change. The effect is most obvious when you sing in the same octave as you play.

May be written:

     

If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen

 


or:
 

 

5. Changes in the "tone developer"
Changings of embouchure, form of the oral cavity, velocity and pressure of the air stream etc. may also change the tone-colour.

a. different embouchures, from maximum tone quality to only air. Also named "Aeolian sounds" or "Soffiata" (it.), "Souffle" (fr). Most often written:

     




If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen


or
  b. different vowels (or consonants) in the oral cavity. Written phonetically, for instance:

     

If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen


 
c. velocity, force and turbulence of the air stream. Increased air pressure, as when using the very last air in an exhalation, will create a more hollow tone-colour. You may also create this effect by "disturbing" the air stream with the tongue. May be written:

     

If you cannot see a Flash player,
click here to listen

 
 



Next chapter:
Polyphony